What is PAT Testing

PAT testing, or Portable Appliance Testing, is the process of routinely checking electrical appliances to ensure they are safe to use. In the UK, it forms part of an employer’s or landlord’s duty to maintain electrical equipment in a safe condition, particularly in workplaces, rental properties, construction sites and other settings where electrical equipment is in frequent use. Despite the term, PAT testing refers to more than just plugging something in and switching it on. It includes both a visual inspection and, where necessary, testing using specialised equipment.

PAT testing is not legally required in every case, but it is widely recognised as a best practice method to reduce the risk of electric shock, fire or equipment failure. The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 require that all electrical systems are maintained in a safe condition, and PAT testing is one of the most practical ways to demonstrate compliance. The process is particularly common in industries such as construction, hospitality, healthcare and education, where portable equipment is used in varied and sometimes harsh environments.

When and Where PAT Testing is Used

PAT testing is typically carried out in environments where electrical appliances are subject to regular use, movement or potential damage. These might include construction tools on site, kettles and printers in an office, extension leads in classrooms or hairdryers in hotels. It is especially important where multiple users handle equipment or where the environment is demanding, such as on building sites or in catering kitchens.

Landlords may conduct PAT tests in rental properties to ensure that appliances such as microwaves, fridges and washing machines are safe for tenants. Although not a legal requirement in itself, PAT testing is often expected by letting agents or insurers as part of a general duty of care.

Construction sites are one of the few sectors where PAT testing is explicitly referenced in regulatory guidance. The HSE's Memorandum of Guidance on the Electricity at Work Regulations supports regular inspection and testing of site tools, lighting and temporary electrics, particularly when powered through 110V transformers or portable generators.

How PAT Testing Works

The process of PAT testing generally involves two main stages. The first is a visual inspection to identify obvious signs of wear, damage or misuse. This includes checking plugs, leads, sockets and the appliance casing. Visual checks can often catch issues like exposed wires, cracked casings or scorch marks that may not be picked up by instruments.

The second stage, where appropriate, is instrument testing. A PAT tester is used to carry out a series of electrical checks, including earth continuity, insulation resistance and polarity. Not all equipment needs this level of testing. Low-risk appliances such as desktop computers or monitors in low-traffic environments may only require a visual inspection if risk is minimal.

Each appliance tested is usually given a pass or fail label, and the results are recorded in a log. The tester should be a competent person with the right knowledge and equipment, although they do not necessarily need to be a qualified electrician. Competence can be demonstrated through training, experience and understanding of the relevant standards.

Frequency, Risk and Test Categories

There is no legal requirement to PAT test at specific intervals. The frequency of testing depends on the type of equipment, its usage and the environment in which it is used. For example, a power drill used on a construction site may require testing every three months, while a monitor in an office may only need to be inspected annually or less often.

Appliances are typically categorised as Class I or Class II. Class I appliances rely on earth for safety and include items like kettles and toasters. These usually require full testing. Class II appliances are double insulated, such as most modern televisions or chargers, and are generally lower risk. There are also categories for moveable, portable, stationary or hand-held equipment, all of which influence the testing method and frequency.

The IET Code of Practice for In-Service Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment is the main guidance document used to determine how and when to test. It outlines risk assessment methods, test procedures and record-keeping standards, and is widely followed by contractors and facilities managers.

Costs, Equipment and Practical Considerations

The cost of PAT testing depends on the number of items, access to the site and the complexity of the environment. Commercial testing companies may charge per item or by day rate. In most cases, costs range from £1 to £2 per item, with discounts for larger volumes. Landlords or small business owners may choose to undertake their own testing if they have been appropriately trained and own the right equipment.

PAT testers vary in price depending on their features. Basic models may cost under £300 and are suitable for in-house testing, while advanced testers used by professionals can exceed £1,000. Some devices offer memory storage, barcode scanning or the ability to produce digital test certificates.

Appliances must be unplugged and isolated during testing, so coordination with staff or tenants is essential to minimise disruption. For workplaces and sites with high volumes of equipment, testing may be scheduled outside operating hours or broken into phases.

Compliance, Liability and Insurance

While PAT testing is not a legal requirement in isolation, it is a strong defence in the event of an incident involving electrical equipment. Employers and landlords must comply with the Electricity at Work Regulations, the Health and Safety at Work Act and, in some cases, the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations. PAT testing helps fulfil the duty to prevent danger and demonstrate that reasonable steps have been taken.

Insurance policies may include clauses relating to equipment maintenance. Failure to test appliances appropriately could affect the outcome of claims if electrical equipment is found to be the cause of fire or injury. Many insurers expect businesses to maintain regular PAT records as part of their overall risk management strategy.

HSE inspections or audits may request evidence of testing, especially on construction sites or in sectors with high electrical equipment usage. Lacking records or failing to follow risk-based testing schedules may result in enforcement action or increased scrutiny.

Environmental and Safety Benefits

The primary purpose of PAT testing is safety. Faulty or damaged equipment can cause electric shock, fire or equipment failure. By identifying problems early, PAT testing reduces the likelihood of accidents and helps ensure that equipment remains in good working condition.

PAT testing also supports sustainability. Items that are regularly tested and maintained are less likely to be disposed of prematurely, reducing electrical waste. Repairs can be made to extend the life of equipment rather than replacing it unnecessarily. However, testing must be part of a broader asset management strategy that considers energy efficiency, responsible disposal and safe recycling of end-of-life appliances.

Common Misunderstandings About PAT Testing

One of the biggest misconceptions is that PAT testing is a legal requirement for all businesses and landlords. In reality, the law requires equipment to be safe, and PAT testing is simply one way to demonstrate this. Another myth is that every single item must be tested every year. The frequency of testing should be based on risk, not an arbitrary timescale.

There is also confusion about who can carry out testing. While electricians often offer PAT services, a competent person can be trained to perform tests safely using appropriate equipment. Finally, the idea that PAT testing is only about plugging something into a tester is misleading. Visual checks are just as important and often more effective at catching issues early.

Conclusion

PAT testing is a practical and widely used method for ensuring the safety of portable electrical appliances across workplaces, rental properties and construction sites. It combines visual inspections with instrument-based testing to identify faults, prevent accidents and comply with health and safety duties. While not legally required in every case, it is an essential part of managing electrical risk and protecting users from harm. With the right approach, PAT testing contributes to safer, more compliant and more sustainable use of electrical equipment in all types of environments.